Meiosis: The silk moth and the elephant.

In most eukaryotes, balanced chromosome segregation at meiosis requires crossovers, but female Bombyx mori lack these structures. Instead, the synaptonemal complex is repurposed to compensate for this absence of crossovers, a remarkable example of exaptation.

A High-Resolution Linkage Map Construction and QTL Analysis for Morphological Traits in Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Linden).

Anthurium andraeanum Linden is a prominent ornamental plant belonging to the family Araceae and is cultivated worldwide. The morphology characteristics are crucial because they significantly impact ornamental values, commercial properties, and the efficiency of space utilization in production. However, only a few related investigations have been conducted in anthurium to date. In this study, an F1 genetic segregation population containing 160 progenies was generated through hybridization between potted and cut anthurium varieties. Fifteen morphological traits were assessed and revealed substantial levels of genetic variation and widespread positive correlation. Based on specific length amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing technology, 8171 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were developed, and the high-density linkage map of 2202.27 cM in length distributed on 15 linkage groups was constructed successfully, with an average distance of 0.30 cM. Using the inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) method, 59 QTLs related to 15 key morphological traits were successfully identified, which explained phenotypic variance (PVE) ranging from 6.21% to 17.74%. Thirty-three of those associated with 13 traits were designated as major QTLs with PVE > 10%. These findings offer valuable insights into the genetic basis of quantitative traits and are beneficial for molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) in anthurium breeding.

Cáncer de tiroides en pediatría: a propósito de una entidad poco frecuente

El cáncer de tiroides es una entidad infrecuente en población pediátrica, tiene un conjunto único de características clínicas, patológicas y moleculares en niños. La clínica típica es un nódulo tiroideo de meses de evolución asintomático, como en el caso descrito. En comparación con los adultos, los niños presentan con mayor frecuencia una enfermedad agresiva en etapa avanzada. La conducta de manejo y tratamiento es la cirugía de tiroides radical y el vaciamiento ganglionar amplio, luego yodoterapía y suplencia tiroidea. La supervivencia es excelente, a los 10 años es mayor a 98% sin embargo, se deben recordar las complicaciones relacionadas con el tratamiento de por vida las cuales no son infrecuente.

Thyroid cancer is a rare condition in the pediatric population, it has a unique set of clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics in children. The typical presentation is an asymptomatic thyroid nodule of months of evolution, as in the described case. Compared with adults, children more often present with late-stage aggressive disease. The management and treatment approach is radical thyroid surgery and extensive lymph node dissection, then iodotherapy and thyroid replacement. Survival is excellent, at 10 years it is greater than 98%, however, complications related to lifelong treatment, which are not uncommon, should be kept in mind.

The political economy of a failed drug reform: Insights from Peru's main legal coca valley.

As the world's second largest coca producer, Peru has a flourishing market for coca for non-narcotic uses. With more than 20,000 hectares and approximately 35,000 officially registered farmers in the Peruvian legal scheme for coca cultivation and commercialization, this market is formally under the monopoly of the National Enterprise of Coca (ENACO). Nonetheless, ENACO only captures 2% of all coca produced nationally and has experienced a sustained reduction of farmers' participation and coca purchases within the legal trade. At different times, these problems have opened the way to demands from left-wing political parties, subnational governments, coca growers' organizations and even Peru's central drug control institutions to reform the legal coca market in Peru. However, none of these attempts have succeeded. Based on a policy analysis of the legal coca trade and analysis of official data, together with a case study of Peru's main legal coca valley (La Convención) this article seeks to understand the current crisis of the legal coca trade as well as the repeated failures of reform. Peru's political centralism and the historical marginalization of Andean culture help to explain the successful blocking of reform attempts to the legal coca trade.

Evidencia molecular de Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto en Cavia porcellus (cuyes) destinados para el consumo humano en el municipio de Pasto, Nariño / Molecular evidence of Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto in Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) grown for human consumption in Pasto, Nariño

Introducción: La leptospirosis es una zoonosis emergente, endémica en Colombia, que afecta tanto animales domésticos como silvestres. Es considerada de riesgo laboral, ya que la transmisión al ser humano está asociada a la exposición con animales o ambientes infectados. En el departamento de Nariño, la producción de cuyes para el consumo humano se realiza en sistemas de crianza tradicionales que podrían favorecer la infección por Leptospira interrogans en esta especie. Objetivo: Detectar molecularmente la infección natural por especies patógenas del género Leptospira en cuyes que son destinados para el consumo humano en el municipio de Pasto. Materiales y métodos: Se tomaron 270 muestras de tejido renal en cuyes sacrificados en dos mataderos. Las muestras fueron analizadas mediante Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) convencional y coloración diferencial de Warthin Starry (W-S). Resultados: En la evaluación de las 270 muestras, 4 (1,5%) fueron positivas para PCR y una de las muestras demostró la presencia de Leptospira bajo tinción W-S. Conclusiones: Mediante el uso de técnicas moleculares se evidenció L. interrogans en el tejido renal de Cavia porcellus. La circulación del patógeno en esta población representa un riesgo de infección para humanos y animales domésticos en contacto con estos sistemas productivos.

Introduction: Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis that is endemic in Colombia and affects both domestic and wild animals. It is considered an occupational risk since human transmission is associated with exposure to infected animals or environments. In the department of Nariño, the production of guinea pigs for human consumption applies traditional rearing systems that could cause animals to get infected with Leptosipira interrogans. Objective: To molecularly identify natural infection by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira in guinea pigs used for human consumption in the municipality of Pasto (Colombia). Materials and methods: 270 kidney tissue samples were taken from guinea pigs slaughtered in two facilities. Samples were analyzed through conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Warthin Starry (W-S) differential staining. Results: While 4 (1.5%) out of the 270 samples were categorized as positive using PCR, only 1 sample showed the presence of Leptospira through W-S staining. Conclusions: Molecular techniques were useful to identify L. interrogans in kidney tissue of Cavia porcellus. Dissemination of this pathogen within this population represents an infection risk for humans and domestic animals that are in close proximity to these productive systems.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las neoplasias mieloproliferativas Philadelphia negativas en el sistema público de salud de Chile

Background: Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph-MPN) are chronic hematological disorders characterized by the overproduction of one or more mature myeloid blood cell lineages. Classical Ph-MPN are polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytopenia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Aim: To assess the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic characteristics of Ph-MPN in Chile. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients referred as MPN from 2012 to 2017. Patients with (9;21) translocation were excluded. Results: Data of 462 cases with a median age of 69 years from 10 public hospitals was reviewed. ET was the most frequently Ph-MNP found. The incidence of Ph-MPN was 1.5 x 100.000 cases. The JAK2 V617F mutation study was performed in 96% of patients and only 30% had a bone marrow biopsy. Thrombotic events were observed in 29% of patients. Bleeding events were observed in 7%. Five-year overall survival was 87%. Conclusions: ET is the most frequent Ph-MPN. The mean incidence was lower than reported in the literature, in part because of a sub diagnosis.

Super determinant1A, a RAWULdomain-containing protein, modulates axillary meristem formation and compound leaf development in tomato.

Shoot branching and complex leaf development relies on the establishment of boundaries that precedes the formation of axillary meristems (AMs) and leaflets. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) super determinant mutant is compromised in both processes, due to a mutation in Sde1A. Sde1A encodes a protein with a RAWUL domain, which is also present in Polycomb Group Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) RING finger proteins and WD Repeat Domain 48 proteins. Genetic analysis revealed that Sde1A and Bmi1A cooperate, whereas Bmi1C antagonizes both activities, indicating the existence of functionally opposing PRC1 complexes that interact with Sde1A. Sde1A is expressed at early stages of boundary development in a small group of cells in the center of the leaf-axil boundary, but its activity is required for meristem formation at later stages. This suggests that Sde1A and Bmi1A promote AM formation and complex leaf development by safeguarding a pool of cells in the developing boundary zones. Genetic and protein interaction analyses showed that Sde1A and Lateral suppressor (Ls) are components of the same genetic pathway. In contrast to ls, sde1a mutants are not compromised in inflorescence branching, suggesting that Sde1A is a potential target for breeding tomato cultivars with reduced side-shoot formation during vegetative development.

[Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms in Chile]. / Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las neoplasias mieloproliferativas Philadelphia negativas en el sistema público de salud de Chile.

BACKGROUND: Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph-MPN) are chronic hematological disorders characterized by the overproduction of one or more mature myeloid blood cell lineages. Classical Ph-MPN are polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytopenia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). AIM: To assess the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic characteristics of Ph-MPN in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients referred as MPN from 2012 to 2017. Patients with (9;21) translocation were excluded. RESULTS: Data of 462 cases with a median age of 69 years from 10 public hospitals was reviewed. ET was the most frequently Ph-MNP found. The incidence of Ph-MPN was 1.5 x 100.000 cases. The JAK2 V617F mutation study was performed in 96% of patients and only 30% had a bone marrow biopsy. Thrombotic events were observed in 29% of patients. Bleeding events were observed in 7%. Five-year overall survival was 87%. CONCLUSIONS: ET is the most frequent Ph-MPN. The mean incidence was lower than reported in the literature, in part because of a sub diagnosis.

[Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms in Chile]. / Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las neoplasias mieloproliferativas Philadelphia negativas en el sistema público de salud de Chile.

BACKGROUND: Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph-MPN) are chronic hematological disorders characterized by the overproduction of one or more mature myeloid blood cell lineages. Classical Ph-MPN are polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytopenia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). AIM: To assess the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic characteristics of Ph-MPN in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients referred as MPN from 2012 to 2017. Patients with (9;21) translocation were excluded. RESULTS: Data of 462 cases with a median age of 69 years from 10 public hospitals was reviewed. ET was the most frequently Ph-MNP found. The incidence of Ph-MPN was 1.5 x 100.000 cases. The JAK2 V617F mutation study was performed in 96% of patients and only 30% had a bone marrow biopsy. Thrombotic events were observed in 29% of patients. Bleeding events were observed in 7%. Five-year overall survival was 87%. CONCLUSIONS: ET is the most frequent Ph-MPN. The mean incidence was lower than reported in the literature, in part because of a sub diagnosis.

Contrasting models of the female reproductive tract in four o'clocks (Nyctaginaceae).

UNLABELLED: • PREMISE OF THE STUDY: In angiosperms, several carpel tissues are specialized to facilitate pollen-tube elongation to achieve fertilization. We evaluated the possible evolutionary pathways of the diverse female reproductive tracts in Nyctaginaceae.• METHODS: We studied the anatomy of a range of species representing different tribes, using light, fluorescence, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy.• KEY RESULTS: Stigmas have multicellular, multiseriate papillae, except for Boerhavia diffusa with unicellular papillae. The styles are solid, with a strand of transmitting tissue linking the stigma with the ventral ovary wall. In Allionia, Boerhavia, and Mirabilis, the transmitting tissue branches into two independent tracts at the base of the ovary and continues across the lateral margins of the funicle to the micropyle; it is composed of cells with thick walls surrounded by abundant extracellular matrix. Bougainvillea, Pisonia, and Pisoniella have a diffuse transmitting tissue and an obturator, a proliferation of cells covered by a layer of secretory papillae that encloses the funicle, placenta, and ventral wall of the gynoecium and contacts with the micropyle.• CONCLUSIONS: We propose two models of female reproductive tract, (A) one in which an obturator is absent and the transmitting tissue is compact and branched and (B) one in which an obturator is present and the transmitting tissue is diffuse. On the basis of character optimization, we hypothesize that model B represents the ancestral (plesiomorphic) condition in the family and model A originated once during evolution, within the tribe Nyctagineae.

Osmoreceptors do not exhibit a sex-dependent modulation of forearm skin blood flow and sweating.

Studies show that increases in plasma osmolality result in a delayed onset threshold of thermoeffector responses. However, it remains unclear if there are sex-related differences in the osmotically induced changes in both sweating and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC). Nine young men and nine young women were passively heated (water-perfused suit) to 1.5°C above baseline esophageal temperature while in an isosmotic (0.9% NaCl saline infusion) (ISO) and hyperosmotic (3% NaCl saline infusion) (HYP) state. Forearm sweat rate (ventilated capsule), skin blood flow (laser-Doppler), esophageal temperature and skin temperature were continuously recorded. Sweat gland output (SGO) on the forearm was calculated from the number of heat activated sweat glands (modified iodine-paper technique) at the end of heating. The onset threshold and thermosensitivity of sweating and CVC were determined using the linear portion of each response plotted against mean body temperature and analyzed using segmented regression analysis. We show that the osmotically induced delay in the onset threshold of sweating and CVC is similar between males and females. Although the thermosensitivity of CVC was similar between sexes (P = 0.601), the thermosensitivity of sweating was consistently lower in females compared to males (P = 0.018). The lower thermosensitivity in sudomotor response of females was accompanied by a lower SGO (P = 0.003), albeit similar sweat gland activation to males (P = 0.644). We conclude that sex-related differences in thermoeffector activity are independent of osmoreceptor activation. Therefore, osmoreceptors do not exhibit sex-related differences in the modulation of CVC and sweating responses during heat stress.

Hamartoma mesenquimal hepático: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma: case report and literature review

El hamartoma mesenquimal hepático (HMH) es un tumor benigno del hígado que se presenta especialmente en menores de dos años y es un diagnóstico raro a pesar de ser la segunda causa de tumores benignos hepáticos en este grupo de edad. Es importante tener en cuenta su diagnóstico ya que tiene una amplia gama de presentación clínica. En este artículo se presentael caso clínico de una niña de nueve meses que fue llevada a la consulta del servicio de urgencias de un hospital local por presencia de una masa abdominal. En la evaluación de la paciente con el examen físico, tomografía computarizada de abdomen y estudios de patología complementarios posquirúrgicos, se diagnosticó un HMH. Se revisan los principales aspectos clínicos, imagenológicos y de tratamiento de la enfermedad. El HMH es una enfermedad a tener en cuenta como diagnóstico diferencial en menores de dos años con tumores hepáticos, es un tumor benigno, que suele tener buen pronóstico si se diagnostica antes de que tenga una extensión local muy amplia y su manejo definitivo es la resección quirúrgica.

Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma is a benign liver tumor that occurs mainly in children under 2 years and is a rare diagnosis despite being the second most common benign liver tumor in this age group. Is important to consider its diagnosis because it has a wide range of clinical presentation. We report a case a 9 months patient from the rural area who consulted to the emergency department of local hospital with presumptive diagnosis of abdominal mass. With an adequate physical examination, computed tomography of abdomen, complete resection of the mass and complementary studies of tumor pathology, the diagnosis of hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma was made. We review the clinical aspects of the disease, imaginology, and treatment. Conclusion: The HMH is a condition to be considered as a differential diagnosis in children under 2 years with liver tumors. Is a benign tumor, which usually has good prognosis if diagnosed befote it has a very wide local extension and definitive management is surgical resection of the tumor.

Asociación entre ejercicio físico y trastornos mentales prevalentes en la población adulta del estudio epidemiológico de Lima metropolitana y Callao / Association between physical exercise and mental disorders prevalents in the adult population in the epidemiological survey in metropolitan Lima and Callao

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la relación entre la frecuencia de ejercicio físico y la presencia de ansiedad, depresión o ambos trastornos en la población adulta de Lima Metropolitana y Callao del año 2002. MÉTODO: Los datos para este trabajo fueron extraídos del Estudio Epidemiológico de Salud Mental de Lima Metropolitana y Callao 2002, realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental Honorio Delgado - Hideyo Noguchi (INSM HD-HN). Para ver la asociación entre las variables en estudio se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Controlando algunas variables sociodemográficas, se observó una asociación significativa entre la frecuencia de ejercicio físico y la presencia de ambos trastornos (ansiedad y depresión). Asimismo, controlando sólo edad y sexo, resultaron asociadas significativamente la presencia de ansiedad y ambos trastornos. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una asociación significativa entre la frecuencia de ejercicio físico y la presencia de trastornos mentales tipo depresión, ansiedad y una combinación de ambos.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relation between the frequency of physical exercise and the presence of anxiety, depression, or both disorders in the adult population of metropolitan Lima and Callao in 2002. METHODS: Information for this work was taken from the Epidemiological Study on Mental Health in Metropolitan Lima and Callao in 2002, developed by the National Mental Health Institute Honorio Delgado-Hideyo Noguchi (NMHI HD-HN). Logistic regression models were adjusted to analyze the association between the variables in study. RESULTS: Controlling some sociodemographic variables, it was observed a significant association between the frequency of physical exercise and the presence of both disorders (anxiety and depression). Likewise, controlling only age and sex, it was found that the presence of anxiety and both disorders were associated significantly. CONCLUSIONS: A significant association exists between the frequency of physical exercise and the presence of mental disorders like depression, anxiety, and a combination of both.

Sentidos de ciudadanía en un grupo de jóvenes escolarizados de la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia / Sentidos de cidadania em um grupo de jovens escolarizados da cidade de Manizales, Colombia / Meanings of citizenship in a group of high school students from Manizales, Colombia

El presente artículo se deriva de una investigación realizada con 29 jóvenes escolarizados de la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia, en la cual se indagó por los sentidos y significados de la ciudadanía. Para la recolección de información se utilizó el taller pedagógico, en tanto permitió combinar diversas técnicas e instrumentos tales como la entrevista semiestructurada, la entrevista a profundidad y la discusión. El estudio concluye que las y los jóvenes significan y comprenden la ciudadanía desde cuatro referentes: el lugar del sujeto en la sociedad y la cultura, el sentido del derecho y la ley en la organización y la convivencia, las percepciones del actuar moral y político de los líderes y de los políticos, y las percepciones y consumos de ciudad que hacen los ciudadanos. Se concluye que las y los jóvenes sitúan la ciudadanía desde un referente de la acción, manifestado fundamentalmente en la participación, el enjuiciamiento político y la posibilidad de ser representados por otros. Igualmente, se plantea que las y los jóvenes orientan la ciudadanía desde los principios y marcos de significación cultural de ciudad, expresados en los vínculos y compromisos que adquieren los ciudadanos con su ciudad y viceversa. Finalmente, se afirma que se trata de una ciudadanía significada en el respeto, la libertad, la justicia social y el reconocimiento del potencial humano universal.

O presente artigo deriva-se de uma pesquisa realizada com 29 jovens escolarizados da cidade de Manizales, na qual se indagou pelos sentidos e significados da cidadania. Para a coleta de informação foi utilizada uma oficina pedagógica, por quanto permitiu combinar diversas técnicas e instrumentos tais como a entrevista semi-estruturada, a entrevista em profundidade e a discussão. O estudo conclui que os jovens significam e compreendem a cidadania desde quatro referentes: o lugar do sujeito na sociedade e a cultura, o sentido do direito e a lei na organização e a convivência, percepções a respeito do acionar moral e político dos líderes e dos políticos e as percepções e consumos da cidade que fazem os cidadãos. Conclui-se que os jovens situam a cidadania desde o referente da ação, o qual se manifesta, fundamentalmente, na participação, o juízo político e a possibilidade de ser representado por outros. Igualmente, se planteia que os jovens orientam a cidadania desde os princípios e marcos de significação cultural da cidade, expressados nos vínculos e compromissos que adquirem os cidadãos com a sua cidade, e vice-versa. Finalmente, se afirma que se trata de uma cidadania significada no respeito, a liberdade, a justiça social e o reconhecimento do potencial humano universal.

This paper gives an account of a research project that inquired for the meanings of citizenship in a group of 29 high-school students in Manizales (Colombia). The technique of pedagogical workshops wasused to obtain information, because it has advantages such as combining semi-structured interviews, in-depth interviews and group discussions. Conclusions indicate that this group of high school boys and girls understand citizenship as referred to four main ideas: the position occupied by the subject in society and culture, the sense of law in the organization of society, the perceptions of the moral and political behavior of leaders and politicians, and the perceptions of the meaning of the city and their relationship to it. It was concluded that this group of boys and girls refers citizenship to action expressed in participation, judgments on the political reality, and the possibility of being represented by others. It is also argued that these students see citizenship within the principles and frameworks of the cultural meaning of the city, expressed in the duties of citizens towards the city, and viceversa. Finally, it si concluded that this group’s understanding of citizenship is related to ideas of respect, freedom, social justice and recognition of human potential.

Livestock, nutritive value and local knowledge of fodder trees in fragment landscapes in Chiapas, México

El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar el sistema ganadero e identificar el potencial nutricional y conocimiento local de árboles y arbustos forrajeros en dos comunidades de Chiapas, México. Se usaron técnicas de evaluación rural participativa, entrevistas semi-estructuradas, análisis de laboratorio y un ensayo de palatabilidad con borregos "pelibuey". Este último fue realizado mediante un diseño al azar. El sistema ganadero fue clasificado como agrosilvopastoril, caracterizado por acceso a diferentes áreas agroecológicas (tierras agrícolas, barbechos, y bosques de pino y encino). Trece especies de árboles y arbustos forrajeros fueron identificadas y calificadas por los productores: Acacia angustissima, A.pennatula, Casimiroa edulis, Diphysa robinoides, Ficus cookii, Leucaena brachycarpa, Litsea glaucescens, Lysiloma auritum, Pistacia mexicana, Quercus crispipilis, Q. segoviensis, Rhus schiedeana and Tecoma stans. Se identificaron 10 usos y 43 productos o servicios: leña (11), cercos (9), sombra (9), medicinales (7), herramientas (3), alimentos (2), y condimento, carbón, curtiduría y ornamento (1 de cada uno). Las especies con mejor calificación por los productores, considerando palatabilidad y cantidad de follaje en época seca, ganancia de peso y facilidad de propagación fueron A.angustissima, C.edulis, L.brachycarpa, L.auritum y P.mexicana. La composición química, digestibilidad in vitro y compuestos secundarios del follaje de las 13 especies mostraron una variación significativa entre especies. El contenido de proteína cruda fue 8,1-22,7 por ciento y de fenoles totales 5,4-8,4 por ciento. Se encontraron valores bajos y medios de alcaloides . Las especies más consumidas (g/ms/animal-1) según la prueba de palatabilidad (p<0,05) fueron A.angustissima (69,48), L.auritum (54,85) y A.pennatula (35,69).